African American genealogy presents unique challenges and opportunities due to the historical context and specific records available. Here are some key aspects and strategies for researching African American ancestry:
Challenges in African American Genealogy
1. Slavery Era Records
- Before the Civil War, enslaved people were often not listed by name in federal census records. Instead, they were usually listed as numbers under the name of the slaveholder.
- Records from this period may include bills of sale, wills, estate inventories, and manumission papers (documents that granted freedom to enslaved individuals).
2. Name Changes:
- After emancipation, many African Americans changed their names, making it difficult to trace lineage directly.
- Some took the surname of their former owners, while others chose new names entirely. And some just changed their first names at will. My great great great aunt had five first names.
3. Migration:
- The Great Migration saw millions of African Americans move from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West, complicating tracking family lines across states.
Strategies and Resources for African American Genealogy
1. Start with Family Sources:
- Oral histories, family bibles, and personal documents are crucial. Older relatives might remember names, locations, and stories that aren't documented elsewhere.
2. Freedmen’s Bureau Records:
- The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen’s Bureau) was established after the Civil War to assist formerly enslaved individuals. Its records include marriage certificates, labor contracts, and medical records.
3. Census Records:
- Post-1870 census records are particularly valuable as the 1870 census was the first to list all African Americans by name.
- The 1900 census included information about the year of birth, years married, and the number of children, which can be very helpful.
4. Freedman’s Bank Records:
- The Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company (Freedman’s Bank) was created to help newly freed African Americans. Its records can provide personal information about depositors and their families.
5. Military Records:
- Records from the United States Colored Troops (USCT) during the Civil War can provide personal details and service information.
- Pension records can also be a rich source of information, often including affidavits and family details.
6. Church Records:
- African American churches often kept detailed records of their members, including baptisms, marriages, and funerals.
- Look for records from historically Black denominations, such as the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church.
7. Local Histories and Archives:
- Local libraries, historical societies, and state archives may hold collections relevant to African American history, including newspapers, city directories, and personal papers.
8. DNA Testing:
- Genetic genealogy can help break through brick walls by connecting with distant relatives and identifying ancestral regions in Africa.
Key Resources
- Ancestry.com and FamilySearch.org:** Both have extensive databases and specific collections for African American genealogy.
- African American Genealogical Society:** Many cities have genealogical societies focused on African American history, offering resources and support.
- National Archives:** The U.S. National Archives holds many records pertinent to African American history, including military, census, and Freedmen’s Bureau records.
- Library of Congress:** The Library of Congress has a significant collection of African American historical materials.
Tips for Success
- Be Thorough and Persistent:** Given the difficulties, it’s essential to be methodical and persistent in your research.
- Network with Others:** Join genealogy groups and online forums to connect with others who have similar research interests. They can provide tips, support, and possibly even leads.
- Document Everything:** Keep detailed notes on where you find information, including any negative searches (places you looked where you didn’t find anything).
By understanding the unique aspects of African American genealogy and utilizing specialized resources, you can uncover and document your family’s history, preserving it for future generations.
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